Two Major Types of Literature Essay Example for Free

Two Major Types of Literature EssayPoetryA poem is defined as a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, and metaphor they may scram the impress of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metric feet) or of patterns of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody) and they may or may not utilize rhyme. One cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses the properties attached to the written or spoken form of the words, rather than to their meaning. standard depends on syllables and on rhythms of speech rhyme and alliteration depend on words that have similar pronunciation. Some recent poets, such as E. E. Cummings, do extensive use of words visual form.ProseProse consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structu res (other than simple grammar) non-poetic writing, perhaps. The term sometimes appears pejoratively, but monotonous writing simply says something without necessarily trying to say it in a beautiful way, or using beautiful words. Prose writing can of course take beautiful form but less by virtue of the formal features of words (rhymes, alliteration, metre) but rather by style, placement, or inclusion of graphics. But maven need not mark the distinction precisely, and perhaps cannot do so. One area of overlap is prose poetry, which attempts to convey using only prose, the aesthetic richness emblematic of poetry.

Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay Example for Free

Tess of the dUrbervilles EssayIn the novel Tess of the DUrbervilles, Thomas brave makes vast use of disposition and setting to portray personal relationships and emotions, in particular that of Tess and backer Clare. Using features from Pathetic Fallacy to extended metaphors, Hardy presents the two characters as being at one with spirit and directly linked to the seasons. In Tess of the dUrbervilles, the characters and setting mirror each other. Tess moves between different settings through the stages of the novel, each mirroring her aroused and mental state. In chapter XV1, the beginning of phase the third, the pleasant vale echoes Tesss newfound happiness, which resonates in the lush surroundings and bright May sunshine. By chicken feeding the phase with on a thyme-scented, bird hatching morning in May Hardy is presenting an optimistic view localise, one of hope and a new beginning. end-to-end the novel there is an extended metaphor of Tess being bird like, elegant and at home with nature and the imagery of bird-hatching presents the inference that it is a new start for Tess, full of life and energy.This portrayal of life is carried through this chapter with Hardy making reference to the ev angelist this is in fact John the Baptist whom lift ups the river of life in a vision, this signifi stacktly links to the new lease of life before Tess, a new start where there were no invidious eyes upon her. By introducing nonpareil almost as soon as Tess establishes her newfound freedom and hope, Hardy makes it clear from the awayset that this relationship lead be more significant than some(prenominal) other. This is a deliberate structural choice as Tess is at her happiest point, and the change could either make or break her character.Although their paths cross in the maiden chapter 2, Tess and angel do not become fully acquainted until Chapter 19 where nonsuch plays his harp to Tess. This is a key scene in the novel as, it establishes the terms of T ess and Angels relationship. They idealise each other he sees her as a simple daughter of the soil, she sees him as an intelligence. The references to Tesss difficulty in describing her emotions, the spirit of the age and the ache of modernism are suggestive of Hardys interest in modernity. But we also see how Tess is subject to and compulsive by natures rhymes.Tess is described animalistically, first as a bird-reminding us of chapter 9 and then as a cat she went stealthily as a cat. The gardens red stains, sticky profusion and clouds of pollen echoing the clouds of dust in the barn at Chaseborough in Chapter 10, which are exemplary of abundant fertility, desire and insemination. In the chapter Tess becomes entranced by the music Angel plays on the harp, this is significant as it mirrors the cows and the effect the harp playing has on them, again signifying that Tess is animalistic and at one with nature.The description of the scene in which they meet is very plain, and naturalist ic- there is a strong semantic field of nature with lexis such as cuckoo-spittle (insect secretion) and blights. Although all seems at peace and neutral, there are some underlying warnings within the first transactional meeting of the pair. For instance the madder stains which is a crimson like dye, significant because of the connotations of the warning colour red and the red theme that seemingly follows Tess passim the novel.Starting from her red hair bow at the town dance and continuing with the death of the horse Prince and Tesss blood stained body. These are omens predetermining the harsh future and the doomed relationship between Tess and Angel. Although the expression goes opposites attract, the opposites are shown to be the downfall of Tess and Alec, Hardy presents him as a well to do, respect adapted man he is a man of the 1890s who rejects the precepts of Christianity, as we contract in chapter 18 where Clare rejects the key tenets of his Fathers Anglican faith.Tess on t he other hand is portrayed as plain and naturalistic. In phase the fourth after move in love with Tess, Angel retreats to his family to ask permission to marry Tess. It is with this we see that the two do not match, Tess is not suited to the cultural life Clare can offer. Angels life at Talbothays is in striking contrast to that of his family the natural, rural life of the farm is opposed to the cultured life of the traditional vicarage.The cartridge holder of day is significant, in chapter xxv when Angel is at his parents vicarage it is described as dusk and when evening drew on, this is dissimilar to the hot weather of July Talbothays and is a further indication that it is not suited to Tess. Nature is portrayed as a mogul throughout the novel, it seems to act as a contest for the relationship and sometimes seems to be the physical motion blocking the relationship from flourishing even more.The personification of all things naturalistic effectively acts as omens and connectio ns, Tess is frequently connected to the birds, the cows and flowers but this is only when there is no male presence. When she is seemingly with a male or in an aspiring relationship, nature turns nasty. What starts as the thyme scented morning- implying a positive future, grows ugly the start of chapter 18, depicts a growing Angel Clare, much like a plant, Angel Clare rises out of the past and this is the accelerator pedal for natures decline in mood. The chapters that proceed Angels rising, all seem somewhat negative and dark, as if nature casts a shadow over Tess.Chapter 20 begins with the season unquestionable and matured and makes reference to nature being replaceable, where only a year ago others had stood in their place this is hardy referring to Tesss past with Alec and giving a warning that Angel and Tesss relationship is covering over the cracks and in fact Angel may be no different to Alec. Chapter 23 portrays nature as a force, it begins with the hot weather of July c rept upon them Personifying nature and giving it the ability to creep makes the relationship seem unimportant and vulnerable against the world.The chapter has numerous omens of bad will to the couple, it was Sunday morning the milking was done with Sunday predominantly and traditionally being the day of rest, it is an ill omen to work on this day, and with the feature of pathetic fallacy, Hardy omits the force of nature against this sin- steaming rains and heavy thunderstorms. In phase the fifth the woman pays, the omens are made reality, Angel rejects Tess, even though at this point they are wed, he refuses to notice any relationship but will not divorce for traditional pride and societal embarrassment.In chapter 35 we see the consequences of Tesss and Angels idealising love, repetition is used to intensify judgment , while the cottagers observation makes Tess and Angel feel drawn out and secluded. The rest of the world seems indifferent to their plight, this is shown with the me taphorical ruined abbey portraying their dead relationship, the abbey symbolises the decline of conventional morality, but in its gothic description also adds to the feeling that Angel is haunted by the spectre of simple natural Tess, grotesquely transformed into a delinquent aristocrat.This a melodramatic, almost sarcastic tone to the chapter, Angel emits a tear and even simple everyday objects like the fire are transformed by Tesss confession the fire looked impish-demoniacally funny. The deuce-ace phases analysed are key to understanding the characters of Angel and more importantly Tess. We see Tess at her happiest working with nature, living in the rural farm of Talbothays. This has been her destiny throughout the novel, she has been linked to the birds and the seasons mirror her emotional state. The introduction of Angel disrupts the natural balance and leaves Tess feeling out of place and not in synch with nature.Angels arrival sees Tess try to become something she is not, sh e wants to fit in with a higher societal class and in doing so breaches class boundaries so she does not feel able to fit in any environment. Hardy cleverly uses Pathetic fallacy and extended metaphors throughout to signify changes in relationship, with rain and thunder being when Tess is at her least happy, when Angel rejects their marriage but refuses a divorce. All in all I conclude that nature acts as a great force that blocks a flourishing relationship between the two, it casts shadows over future prospects and makes like hard for Tess to fit in.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Health And Social C ar bear witnessChronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is an incapacitating multifarious disarray that renders the dupe fatigued for longer periods. It has been realized that this kind of disorder is not solved by bonk rest and is usually aggravated by mental and physical activities. People suffering from CFS see been seen to be unable to perform tasks that they were to do it comfortably in the first place the illness. The most noticeable features of this disorder include pain in the muscularity, weakness, impaired memory, and poor concentration. In addition, the victims are generally weak and some of them show evidences of insomnia (Bell, 1995). This disorder may persist for a long period. Diagnostic tests have not been able to clearly point tabu the possible causes of this disorder. This is because of the particular that some illnesses have symptoms related to this disorder and we arousenot confine those symptoms to this particular diso rder alone (Verrillo, Gellman, 1988). Any infection to the immune system taken to be the possible cause of CFS and micro-organism play a major role in causing it. Any form of immune-suppression is also seen a factor that compromises an individual to this disorder (Fisher et al 1997). intromissionAbsence of specific diagnostic characteristic features of CFS, a criterion has been formulated that helps physicians in detecting the disorder. One of the most commonly used criteria is the one that requires the victim to show the possible symptoms for a period of more than six months. This is because the physician will have had sufficient condemnation to advert some other possible ailments and thereby reaching the point of excluding the disorder much easily (Murdoch Denz-Penhey, 2002). Additionally, the patient is expected to show both of the four symptoms, which may include frequently occurring sore throat, muscle pain, impairment of the patient to the extent of affecting the norma l economic activities of the patient and unrefreshing sleep (Lisman Dougherty, 2007). some other symptoms that plenty be used include pain in all the joints of the body, severe headache that recurs in some pattern, and post-exertional depression. The purpose of this study is to find out some of the predisposing factors for this disorder. Additionally, the causes, symptoms, ways of diagnosing this disease will be identified (Moss-Morris Petrie, 2000). Suggested preachings will be provided so that the healthy population can know more on how to avoid this disorder.Various studies have been carried with the intention of onerous to find ways of finding definite symptoms for this disorder. One of these studies was carried out in 1993 with the intention of improving on the ways of diagnosing the disease as it had been distinguishable earlier in 1988. The aim of the study in 1993 was to reinvent new strategies of that can lead to faster diagnosis of the disorder (Lisman Dougherty, 2 007). slightly of the recommendations from the researches at that time was to classify the fatigue to different levels as can be depicted by the victims. Those with less than six months infection for instance were classified as having chronic fatigue while those with more than six months symptoms were classified as having relapsing fatigue. The patients could also be classified as having gradual or sudden fatigue, among other distinguishing parameters (Fisher et al 1997).A number of predisposing factors have been identified as it regards to CFS. It is also strategic to note the greater portion of the American population have akin(predicate) symptoms related to this disorder but cannot be classified as CFS (Meirleir Patarca-Montero, 2000). Some of the factors that promote the risks of having the disorder include age, gender, and socioeconomic groups. It has been found that CFS affects women at a higher(prenominal) rate four times than men (Voncannon, 2002). In addition, individu als with the age between 40 to 50 years have been found to be having CFS. It is also important to note that children can be found with the disorder especially in their teen years and this show that the disease affects any age (Fisher et al 1997).Some of the important symptoms for CFS include prolonged fatigue that extends to a period over six months. Such a fatigue is not reduced by any amount of rest. Other notable characteristics of this disorder include post-exertional disquiet, pain in the muscles, pain in the multiple joints, lack of concentration, sleep that does not refresh, and headache that comes with some pattern (Englebienne, 2002). Additionally, the throat the regularly becomes sore and presence swellings in the lymph, chronic cough, nausea, weight loss, skin sensations, and jaw pain. Psychological problems, shortness of breath, and chest pain are also important symptoms of the disease (Moss-Morris Petrie, 2000).A number of factors makes it saturated for physicians to diagnose CFS and includes the lack of laboratory diagnostic technique or biomarkers. Other reasons include the fact that fatigue is a common symptom for all other illnesses, patients do not look sick while the pattern of illness is not constant. This has guide to the low level of diagnosis for this particular disorder. Exclusion technique is the exceed mode to diagnose CFs disorder due to lack stock tests or scans for the mental capacity (Leonard, 1997). Diagnosis has to be carried out for period extending six months where the patient can report sufficient evidence of being constantly tired. The physician has to take enough history of the illness of the patient who may be suspected of having CFS (Royal College of Physicians of London, 1997). Medical history has to be reviewed also in order to identify and rule out the possible illnesses that might have been the cause of the fatigue. This is done until CFS is ultimately pointed out. The physician can later develop a treatment fo r the patient. It is also possible for patients to diagnose themselves by eliminating the possible causes of the illnesses just like physician (Englebienne, 2002).The process of managing the chronic CFS is very tricky just like the diagnosis itself because of the variety of the symptoms. Currently, there is no drug or cure for this disorder and such factors complicate the treatment process (Demitrack Abbey, 1999). This means that the best way of managing it by developing an individualized treatment plan for every patient. The best plan comprises a collection of therapies each aimed at managing the symptoms shown by the patient. Input by range medical professional experts is the best solution and when this is coupled with the treatment of other illnesses then the disorder can be managed easily (Lisman Dougherty, 2007). Living with CFS is very tricky and having the chronic type can result in significant devastating effectuate on the victim. Some of the challenges facing the success of treating CFS include the change and predictability of the symptoms, variations in the stamina that interferes with someone elses activities, altered memory, loss of independence, and potential impacts on decreased sexual activities among couples (Bell, 1995).Some of the treatment options that is available for CFS and they include professional counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and symptomatic treatment. Additionally, pharmacological therapy, sleep hygiene, pain therapy, and use of antidepressants can help in suppressing the effects of CFS (Demitrack Abbey, 1999). It is however important to keep in mind the fact that the disorder affects individuals in a different way. Some people may be paralyzed for good while others can recover fully from the disorder (Verrillo, Gellman, 1988). It is also hard to obtain accurate results as it regard the number of individuals who have recovered from CFS. Natural remedies can also be employed to boost an individuals body energy thereby suppressing chronic fatigue (Leonard, 1997).Variety of products can be used and they include magnesium injection of muscles with low red blood cells magnesium, winning meals rich in fish oil, and melatonin. Other remedies that have show positive response in suppressing the effects of chronic fatigue syndrome include taking of melatonin, ribose, and NADH rich food (Patarca-Montero, 1999). The studies carried on the foods are however, limited and no accurate data can be easily found. Some of the drugs used to counter the effects of chronic fatigue disorder include the use of corticosteroids, and cholinesterase inhibitors like the galantamine (Fisher et al 1997). Methylphenidate like Ritalin, which is a psychostimulant that is used to increase the levels of neurotransmitters thereby helping individuals with attention-deficit disorder, can be used. Some lifestyle techniques can also be employed to counter this disorder and this includes developing a plan that will help is form reducti on, ensuring that the patient gets enough sleep, exercising regularly and maintaining healthy lifestyle. The lifestyle includes eating balanced diets, drinking plenty of fluids, limiting caffeine intake, and participating in aerobic exercise (Meirleir Mcgregor, 2003).ConclusionChronic fatigue syndrome is more than just being tired because the affected individual is interfered from performing their daily activities in a normal way. Other individuals have been forced to quit high paying jobs, several disabled and others bedridden. The nature of this illness shows that it is even hard to diagnose it (Bell, 1995). Trial and error method of eliminating other possible ailments complicates the diagnostic process. The best remedy therefore is for individuals to live the kind of lifestyles that do not promotes the predisposing factors of the disorder (Voncannon, 2002). This includes living the kind of lifestyle that discourages the information of the disorder. It is also important for phys icians to improve their way of diagnosing the disease so that they can be able to come up with comprehensive treatment strategies (Meirleir Patarca-Montero, 2000).

Behavior and performance of the individual

way and per impressance of the single(a)INTRODUCTIONA root is defined by Ivancevich et al (2008) as two or to a greater extent case-by-cases interacting with from each integrity former(a) to accomplish a common goal. Groups argon important aspect of work pattern of an organization (Mullins 2002) and a part of modern life history (Ivancevich et al 2008). A group groundwork be formal or informal (Armstrong 2009). Informal groups according to Newstrom (2007277) Are established by the organization and have a public identity and goal to achieve while formal groups emerge on the moxie of common inte delay, proximity and friendship. Informal groups are set up by the organization in other to achieve organizational goals while formal groups are set up by soulfulnesss for the purpose of satisfying the ineluctably of its instalments (Armstrong 2009). The group used for the purpose of this study is the formal groups. This study will analyze the impact the group has on the unmarrie d, factors affecting the port of the soulfulness, human transaction theory and the factors affecting the behavior and surgery of the several(prenominal) in the group.IMPACT OF THE GROUP ON THE individualThe performance of a group depends on how sound its members engage in communication with each other or interacts with each other and excessively on how the individual learns in the group (Mullins 2002). Mullins (2002465) argues that how populate express and perform as members of a group is as important as their behavior or performance as individuals. Usu completelyy, want of interaction between the individual and members of the group will have effect on the performance of the group as well as the individual in the group and result to lack of satisfaction for the individual (Mullins 2002). It is believed that the group generates better stems than the individual does, by drawing resources from individual members of the group (brainstorming), the group in that respectby bri ngs in more melodic themes and input into ending process than a single person cigarette (Robbins 2001).In one of my finds in a group I learnt that groups feces be rewarding to the individual because an individual can actually learn from other members of the group. I joined a decoration group in my church and we were told to decorate the church for a program, we all had our ideas on how we want the decoration to look like but instead of pursuing personal goals we brought our ideas together and we came up with a better idea and I withal learnt things I did not hold out before, withal I found the experience challenging because I had to think beyond what I know in other to be able to contribute but at the end I left with more knowledge than I went in with.It is also believed however, that group ideas can hinder creative thinking, in other words, individuals will ignore their idea in other to accommodate to the idea of the group (Mullins 2002). For example, as a member of a grou p of four in one of my classes in Salford University, we were asked to solve a particular(a) question, we were different mountain with different beliefs, attitudes, perception, culture and behavior, however, three out of four were in agreement but one particular person in the group had a different idea from what the rest of us had and was trying so hard to convince us which was impossible because it was one against three, in other to avoid conflict the individual had to ignore the idea and agree with that of the group.Groups bind the individual and members of the group in togetherness and in other to be in togetherness, individuals have to see themselves as members of the group and not assign themselves in other for them to achieve the goal of the group and also to dally their needs (Robbins 2001). Huczynski and Buchanan (2007) discussed the work of Tayfel and Tunner (1986) who argued that as long as individuals see themselves as more important than the group the group cannot a gency effectively. However, It is believed that individuals have different needs or reasons for joining or been in a group and it can be the need to fulfill social needs, achieve group goals or to derive greater economic benefits or for social security reasons, which is believed that groups can serve as a medium of meeting these needs of the individual (Ivancevich et al 2008) and in other to remain a member of the group and to meet these needs the individual must set aside their personal goal to achieve the groups goal ( Newstrom 2007).FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORThere are different types of ways of explaining the behavior of the individual in a group they are Perception, Attribution, Orientation, Role and brand rationality (Armstrong 2009).Perception is one way of explaining the behavior of an individual in a group. Perception according to Maund (2001 pg 444) is the process by which individuals interpret sensory impression so that they can assign meaning to it. Perception is when an individual gives meaning or interprets the things happening around them and people tend to perceive situation that satisfies needs, emotions, attitudes or their self concept (Ivancevich et al 2008). Members of a group can see the equivalent thing or be in the same situation but their interpretation of the situation will be different from each other base on how they see it (Mullins 2007).Attribution according to Luthans (2002197) refers to how people explains the cause of anothers or their behavior. Attribution can be the way people interpret the situation they are in (Armstrong 2009). Attribution can function to conflict in a group because the way one person see things (perception) may not be the same way another sees the same thing (Armstrong 2009). While Orientation can be said to be an individuals attempt to make sense of life which can be different from that of the group (Armstrong 2009).Role is the part played by the individual in caring out their duties (Armstro ng 2009). There is a particular role expected from the members of the group once they have lived to the expectation of the role then it is believed they have performed their role successfully and it is believed that this role shapes the individuals behavior (Armstrong 2009). While branded rationality can be said to be the ways individuals understands how complicated the situation they are in is and their reaction to the situation limits the way they exonerate rationally (Armstrong 2009).Huczynski and Buchanan (2005279) discuss the work of Marion Hampton (1999)who argues that groups are seen as fetching over the individuals mind, depressing intelligence, eliminating moral responsibility and forcing conformity, they can cause their members a great fill of suffering and despair and can perpetuate acts of cruelty. There are various factors affecting the individual in the group, But before explaining that we are going to analyze a theory that explains what effect a group has on the i ndividual.HAWTHORNES THEORY (Human relations approach)The theory that explains the effect of groups on the individuals behavior and performance is the Hawthorne experiment of the human relations theory written by Elton Moyo (Mullins 2002). The experiment is called the bank wiring observation room experiment the experiment was carried out on 14 men who were unionised into three subgroups which contained three wires, a supervisor and an inspector that moved around the group (Moorhead and griffon vulture 1995). After the study there were two major findingsThe take of interaction that was observed among the men showed the existence of informal groups within the three groups and,It was also revealed that these groups develop norms or rules that guides behavior and also set structures to enforce the rules (Moorhead and Griffin 1995)The hawthorns researcher found that the group established a level of output for its members (Mullins 2002). They found out that the group did not produce up to what they are clear of producing they produced below their capability which had effect on their earning because their output was low(Moor head and Griffin 1995). The group produced a specific level of output for its members which are the only pass judgment level of production, in other to be accepted the individual has to slow down production when getting close to the accepted level of production in other not to over produce (Moorhead and Griffin 1995).Moorhead and Griffin (1995) discuss the work of Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) who points out that The social organization of the bank wiremen performed a twofold function which is to protect the group from internal indiscretions and to protect the group from outside interference. Moorhead and Griffin (1995) also points out that almost all the activities carried out by the group can be said to be a means of controlling the behavior of its members. The research shows that peer pressure has more effect on the individual than th ings that may encourage the individual and forces of control or orders from management, individuals would rather do things required by the group than doing things that would encourage or reward their actions (Mullins 2002). This theory shows how working in a group can be both challenging an rewarding for the individuals which leads us to the factors affecting the performance and behavior of the individual in the group.FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE IN THE GROUPGroup normsNorms according to Greenberg and Baron (2008) can be defined as the generally agreed upon informal rules that guides the behavior of the members in a group. Norms influence group behavior and refer to what should be done and also represents value judgment and appropriate behavior in social situations (Psyblog 2010). Norms are of great importance to groups in controlling behavior and in measuring performance (Hanh 2007). Groups have norms that are set to guide members behavior (Greenberg and Baron 2008) and also to reduce ambiguity in terms of behavior that are of importance to the group (Rollinson 2005). Norms are set up in groups which the individual must conform with and groups have ways of making the individual conform to such norms (Rollinson 2005). Norms keeps the group functioning as a system instead of as a solicitation of individuals and members of the group come together to achieve a common goal instead of pursing individual groups (Hanh 2007). Groups do not set rules or norm for all situation but only set rules for situations that are of importance to the members of the group which could be in relation to their job or how they communicate with each other or with others outside the group (Hanh 2007).Group norms makes life predictable, individuals know what is expected of them, know their roles and how much time to spend in the execution of their job, know the set and beliefs and the image of the group, and subscribe to the norms of the group (Rollinson 2005). Norms a re usually assessed to know if group members are interacting with each other which can be rewarding and which gives the individuals a sense of belonging (Heathfield 2010). Group members come together to develop the group norms which gives the individual a steping of belonging, sense of identity and feelings of security because they were part of the making of the rules (Brooks 2005). Norms are believed to be of importance because some members may harm the project or the success of the group with their behavior or action unintentionally but if there is agreed upon framework of interaction, misunderstandings and negative conflicts in the group can be prevented (Heathfield 2010).However, group norms can have negative effect on the individual (Armstrong 2009). correspond to Psyblog (2010) who argues that groups rarely come up with great ideas because the individual in them are powerfully shaped by group norms and the rules of what people are and how they must behave it is believed that changes are hard to spot unless they are carefully measured, individuals deny their own beliefs, ideas and senses just to conform with the groups even if they are wrong (Psyblog 2010).it is believed that, Norms serves as a form of constraint to the individuals, it hinders them from thinking freely because they would not want to think outside the group norms or the groups way of doing things, individuals can not pursue their personal goal, can not see things from their point of view because it capacity clash with the goals of the group (Psyblog 2010).Social SupportSocial support according to Dalgard (2009) is receiving help from other people when in need of help. An individual can receive support among groups of people who have a similar problem to what they have and in their relationship with others be it their family or friends (Curtis 2009). Curtis (2009) argues that if you have a support network you will not feel as just you will learn new ways to deal with your problem and ma y try harder to overcome it. Group members can serve as as a source of support, advice and encouragement to an individual facing any difficulty and also the individual can be a source of support to the group (Curtis 2009).Individuals in a group can benefit from the members of the group while members who are not part of the group cannot enjoy such benefits, having friends to talk with, to gain insight from, to listen to during times of need or suck in money from, all this are forms of support (Scott 2007). Social support makes the individual safe and gives them a feeling of existence loved and cared for (Rollinson 2005). In one of my experience when I was writing my final dissertation for my bachelor degree, I wrote on the societal support for the elderly people in my community and I had the exclusive right working with the elderly people in that community and I found out that most of them lack social support from their family and friends, in other to feel loved, feel secure or ha ve a feeling that they belong they had to join a group with the believe that the group would be able to meet their needs.Peer PressurePeer pressure is another factor that has effect on the behavior of the individual in the group. Peer pressure is when other people impose pressure on a person (Nemours 2010). Peers have influence over others, by listening to other people a person learns from them and they also learn from the individual (Nemours 2010). Some individuals usually join groups in other to fit in, so in other to fit in the individual goes along with the idea of the group and sets aside their idea and go along with the groups idea to avoid being bullied by the other members of the group (Nemours 2010). However, peer pressure can have a positive impact on the individual because it can push the individual into doing the things they have no courage of doing or talking the individual out of doing things thats not in their scoop affaire (Wilmer 2010).Individual AccountabilityInd ividual accountability can be defined as an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for ones action (McDaniel 2007). Individual accountability is a foundational component as it evaluates an individual core competence, strength and weaknesses (McDaniel 2007). Its the individual taking responsibility for their action in carrying out their duty or them being accountable for their duties (McDaniel 2007). The individual must be accountable for achieving its goal and for its contribution to the group, individual accountability occurs when performance is assessed and the result are given back to the group and the individual in other to ascertain who needs more support, encouragement and assistance (Cooperate learning center 2009). Accountability is not to punish mistake or to generate immediate result but to ensure the individual gives all their best in the achievement of goals and behaving responsible to one another (Luthans 2002). By empowering them over job per formance and then holding them accountable for the outcomes (Newstrom 2007).ConflictRollinson (2005401) defines conflict as the behavior of an individual or a group when purposely sets to block or inhibit another group or individual from achieving its goals. Competition is one of the main causes of conflict in a group, when the members of a group are in competition against each other it can lead to conflicting interest (Rollonson 2005). Some groups encourage competition because they believe that when members of the group compete against each other it will result to successful performance or quick performance but mostly it might lead to conflict (Rollinson 2005). However, Vodosek (2007) argues that Researchers have noted that high level of task conflict can lead to reduced member satisfaction and commitment to the groupIndividual have different interest, skills, personality and attributes which may act as cohesion or a clash in the group (Brooks 2009). Some individuals tend to work t owards achieving personal goals by doing so they tend to ignore the goals of the group and focus more on achieving their personal goals which might lead to conflict in the group (Newstrom 2007).CONCLUSIONIt can be assumed that, groups have both positive and negative effect on the individual, and for the individual, being a member of a group can be rewarding as well as challenging as working alone. Working alone as an individual might lead to a quick closing making but working in a group can lead to a more effective decision making, because it is a group of people with different ideas, perception, attributes and behavior coming together to form the group (Rollinson 2001), also the individual can also learn from the other members of the group. However, it is believed that there is no ideal individual for a particular job, that no individual can have all the necessary qualities needed for a job but a group of individuals can, and when they come together with their different qualities it can lead to a successful decision making (Antony Jay, cited by Mullins 2002).REFERENCESArmstrong, M. (2009) Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 9th edn, Kogan Page, London.Brooks, I. (2009) Organizational Behavior Individual, Groups and Organisation, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow.Cooperative learning Center (2009) Cooperative Learning Co-operation.org www.co-operation.org/pages/cl.htmlaccountability Accessed 10/03/2010.Curtis, J. (2010) Support groups and social support Yahoo.com health.yahoo.com/mentalhealth-treatment/support-groups-and-social-support/healthwise-ug4350spec.html Accessed 11/03/2010.Dalgard, O.S. (2009) Social Support Definition and Scope Euphix.org www.euphix.org/object_document/o5479n27411.html 15/03/2010.Elizabeth Scott, M.S (2007) Social Support The Hows and Whys of Cultivating a circle of friends About.com place stress.about.com/od/relationships/a/circleoffriends.htm 11/03/2010.sGreenberg, J., Baron, R.A. (2008) Behavior in Organizat ions, 9th edn, Pearson Education, New Jersey.Hahn, M. (2007) Group norms in organizations ArticleGratuits.com www.en.articlesgratuits.com/group-norms-in-organizations-id1546.php 15/03/2010.Heathfield, S.M. (2010) How to develop group norms About.com Guide humanresources.about.com/od/teambuilding/ht/group_norms.htm 15/03/2010.Huczynski, A. A., Buchanan, D.A. (2007) Organizational Behavior, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow.Ivancevich, J M, Konopaske, R, Matteson, M T (2008) Organizational Behavior and Management, 8th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Newyork.Luthans, L. (2002) Organizational Behavior, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill, Newyork.Maund, L. (2001) Introduction to Human Resource Management Theory and Practice, Palgrove, London.McDaniel, D. (2007) How Important is Individual Accountability www.everyjoe.com/articles/how-important-is-individual-accountability-198/ Accessed 10/03/2010Moorhead, G. Griffin, R.W. (1995) Organizational Behavior Managing People and Organizationa, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.Mullins, L. J. (2002) Management and Organizational Behavior, 6th edn, Pearson, HarlowNemours (2010) Dealing with peer pressure Kidshealth.org kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/emotion/peer_pressure.html 13/03/2010Newstrom, J. W. (2007) Organizational Behavior Human Behavior at Work, 12th edn, McGraw-Hill, Newyork.Psyblog (2010) Why group norms kill creativity, Spring.org.uk www.spring.org.uk/2009/06/why-group-norms-kill-creativity.php Accessed 11/03/2010.Robbins, S.P (2001) Organizational Behavior, 9th edn, Prentice Hall, New JerseyRollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour Analysis An integrated Approach, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow.Vodosek, M. (2007) Intergroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group, International Journal of Conflict Management, Volume 18, Issue 4Wilmer, D. (2010) The difference between negative and positive peer pressure About.com Guide parentingteens.about.com/cs/peerpressure/a/peer_pressure.htm Accessed 23/03/2010.

Critical Incident Analysis Nursing Assignment

minute Incident Analysis Nursing AssignmentReflective Analysis of a Critical IncidentThis paper recounts a critical breast feeding possibility and echos on the associated superior, clean-living and legal issues. The objective is to critically reflect on what happened with a lieu to distil key lessons to improve my future practice and provision of cargon. No personally identifiable details about the key players or context are included, thereby assuring their confidentiality. This incident was selected because it demonstrates the ways in which individual errors notify compound and translate a relatively simple matter into a sonorous crisis with smutty results. It goes to the heart of nursing practice, and requires introspection into the ways we discharge our responsibilities.Description of Critical IncidentI was a Registered Staff Nurse completing the last(a) phases of a 12-month accoucheusery program in the labour guard of a 500 bed teaching hospital. The ward comprised sec tions for admission, stage 1 room (active labour), hypertension (pre-eclamptic) room, delivery room and a post-delivery observation area (temporary holding. My objective was to collect skill label (by completing 40 deliveries and suturing) to complete the program.This particular day I enquired about deliveries and heard of a case that was just endingthe resident fixate was suturing the patient. I was hopeful of participating in the final stages to earn marks so I went to assist. Upon entering the delivery room I axiom a lot of blood on the floor, so I asked the doctor what was happening. He stated everything was okay. I observed the patient lying on the bed, and asked her if she was fine. She replied yes. The patient looked pale and weak-more so than the stress of just delivering.I left the room and called the advisor who was doing ward rounds on an early(a) ward with students. I also informed the charge midwife about the situation. The charge midwife went to ascertain what was happening. The doctor again asserted that everything was fine, and there is no problem. I assessed the patients vital signs, and found them to be abnormal. Right then, the consultant came into the room and started an intervention. The patient was taken to the operating theatre for exploration to soften the bleeding. After two hours of transfusing blood products and packing the uterus, the patient was transferred to the intensive administer unit. She passed away three hours later. The husband was told that there was a complication, and all efforts to stop haemorrhaging were unsuccessful.Hospital policy states that a midwife should assist doctors with some(prenominal) procedure being done in the labour ward. This was not the case. The cross was delivered by a midwife. The doctor was asked to do the suture because of suspected difficulties (cervical lacerations). This situation was not considered to be life threatening. The midwife left to dish out to other patients on the busy w ard. The doctor was asked to call if and when he needed help. The doctor acted on his own, and twice refused to ac pull back doledge the worsening situation. The patient died, and the family suffered as a consequence. The information given to the family did not reflect all the facts of the incident. The hospital reprimanded the doctor and he was not allowed to see patients without supervision. He eventually completed his specialization course and now practices obstetrics and gynaecology in another jurisdiction.Stakeholders InvolvedMerriams dictionary defines a stakeholder as person(s) entrusted with the stakes of bettors or someone who is gnarly or affected by a course of action. In this case, a range of persons were directly and indirectly involved, and a family will have to live with the loss of a loved one.The patient expected to deliver a healthy baby, be with her family, and raise her child. She is no longer with them. The resident doctor made choices, and has to deal with th e consequences of those decisions on a personal (moral and ethical) and professional basis. We cannot be sure enough what options were deliberated, nor the process used to arrive at the final choices. The consultant obstetric/gynaecologist juggled different tasks and ultimately intervened, but without success. The charge midwife and the midwife who delivered the baby are also a party to the incident they attended other matters on the ward-no doubt also considered urgent and important.This incident raises various professional, ethical and moral dilemmas. The actions of these persons raise questions about the barter of flush provided, and the professionalism that guided the choices and judgements they demonstrated. My objective at the time was to earn skilled marks. My view is that the hospital itself can also budge from this experience.No one expected the outcomes that manifested. Hospital policy was contravened. The family accepted the paraphrased version of events. The doctor r eceived a reprimand. I do not recall any action for the breach of policy.Theoretical ContextA critical incident is one that can cause a person to pause and contemplate events that occurred, and in so doing, give them some meaning. This can be positive and experiential, and is a potential source for self, group and institutional learning and improvement (Gibbs 1988, Duffy 2007).Thinking critically requires us to identify problems and base assumptions and clarify the issues involved. Subsequently, we whitethorn raise questions whose answers may result in changes (Vacek 2009). Critical incident analysis argufys us to evaluate the main facts and use these to gain a deeper understanding of what happened (Fornasier 2008). In so doing, we deconstruct the whole incident into its component parts.Reflection is a thoughtful, deliberative process to gain deeper understanding of what happened by encouraging us to challenge how we feel, think and behave. This is the basis for individual change and improvement (Andrews et al, 1998 Merriam Webster). Using a critical incident as a way of reflecting involves the identification of behaviours that may be helpful or unhelpful in a given situation. This process of structured debriefing can help the institution and the health care providers to identify incidents, prevent their reoccurrence, and enhance the standard of care delivered to the public (Gibbs 1988). call recurrence ProfessionalismA profession is a chosen, paid occupation requiring prolonged training and formal qualification (Webster). A number of professionals are involved in this case. For myself, at first, I did not know what to do I was just thinking about the patients safety when I saw the enormous amount of blood of the floor. In the moment, I forgot about the scope of command I bypassed the charge nurse and called the consultant directly. Reflecting on the incident, I should have called the charge nurse and she may have better handled the situation as it unfolde d. Further, I assessed the vital signs after leaving the room to communicate with the consultant. It could be argued that I should have completed a fuller assessment of the patients vital signs onwards progressing through the chain of command-rather than taking the patients perspective that all was okay despite a gut feeling that something was wrong. Was the patient making a rationale dictation? Did she have enough information and the capacity to objectively weigh the situation? Did I, in that moment misread the gap in understanding of what I saw and what the patient said? I would maintain that my actions were well intentioned and had the desired impact to act upon additional visions to remedy the situation and preserve her life.Clearly, the ability to remain unruffled under stressful circumstances is a valuable characteristic. This cannot be taught or learnt in the classroom, and certainly not through a fatal trauma.The patient is no longer with us. Did she have enough inform ation to make an informed decision about the calibre of care she was receiving? Could the patient be reasonably expected to be informed or to request a different type of intervention in the circumstances? We will never know.The resident doctor was asked to suture a suspected lacerated cervix alone-and to ask for help if needed. Doctor maintained all was under control even as I assessed the situation was worsening. Questions may be asked about the doctors assessment of the initial and unfolding circumstances and, the information communicated to the patient, who related she was fine. I have no doubt the doctors objective was to assist the patient, and, deep down the wording and spirit of the Hippocratic Oath, to use their own ability and skill to help the woman in the best way. However, did the doctor fail at his/her duty to recognise an emergency, a worsening situation, and the limitations to their skills and capabilities? In so doing, did the doctor do more harm than good? In the f inal analyses, was the doctor acting in the patients best interest?The consultant did what was (probably) most the critical thing an initial intervention and then emergency surgical exploration with a full police squad of specialists to ascertain the problem and contain the situation. Could the consultant have done more? This is unlikely in the circumstances. Yes, the consultant could have been called earlier, but that is not their fault.Did the charge midwife and midwife err in leaving the Doctor to complete the suture alone? How does one balance the need for a small amount of midwives to attend to different patients at various stages of labour, when a potential danger is at hand with a post natal mother? How do we reconcile these resource constraints with hospital policy (requiring a midwife to be present at all times)? In this situation, how do we make a decision about providing quality care and attention to labouring women, versus attending to a recovering mother? Is it less or more professional to leave labouring women unattended to care for a mother with what is considered to be non-life threatening wound?The Hospitals official explanation of what happened was maternal complications. This lacked credible details that are covered in the legal discussions below.Key Issue MoralityWas the hospital truthful in its communication with the patients family? To the outsider, the answer seems a resounding no Does being a teaching hospital bring higher levels of risk to patients-by virtue of having younger and less experienced doctors? Does this lessen their responsibility to the patient? Or does it require a higher standard of care and greater precautions?In this situation, did the hospital fail in its duty to the public by having a higher ratio of patients to staff? Is it un level-headed to expect the nursing cadre to reasonably and safely provide a high quality of care to the number of patients on the ward at that time? Did the institution and its squad fail by attempting to provide service for besides many patients at this time? Did the policy foresee and cover these matters?Do these issues put the nurse and their professional obligations at odds with hospital and public policy? Does this conflict put the nursing (and other members of the medical team) at a disadvantage?What of the publics rights and responsibilities? How do we innocence and respect these charters in the circumstances described? Each patient wants to be seen, receive a high quality of care, with minimum chances of complications-certainly not death.How does the Midwife make based a decision about who to treat and how to allocate scare human resources? In a high stress understaffed environment, can we comely assess who is at greater risk and more deserving of care? Can we reasonable assert that honesty, justice and respect for the patients rights can lead us to a determination of where our duty lies?It is my view that the while some parties in this case may be able to j ustify their actions (midwives, consultant), others would find it a deontological challenge (resident, institution). In this case, the outcome of the incident dictates that the actions of key caregivers at critical decision moments were not optimal (wrong/unethical) because the consequences do not match the means/process.Key Issue LegalityNo known legal proceedings arose from this incident. However, it may be argued that a judicious reading of the circumstances by a family predisposed to judicial proceeding could have asked many questions about the unfortunate circumstances referenced in this incident, and maybe have a case in a court of law. For example, it could be argued that the patients legal rights were not met, regarding professional standard of care provided by the resident doctor and the absence of a midwife throughout the procedure. Further questions may be raised about the quality, experience, judgement and capability of the first attending doctor. And ultimately, questio ns could be asked about the checks and balances (levels of safety) within the institution that compounded the situation.Additional issues may arise in considering whether or not the patient was reasonably informed about the unfolding circumstance, associated risks, and given the opportunity to legally consent. It could be argued that the doctor acted unilaterally (paternalistically) to the patients disadvantage. Alternately, the patient could not have reasonably rejected treatment in the circumstances. in that locationfore a detailed test would be required of what a reasonable professional would do in this situation. The hospital reprimand is an indication that the resident doctor could/would have failed the Bolam Test of respectable medical opinion thereby paving the way for litigation.The to a higher place could also lead to the question about the initial consent, and whether or not there was a full explanation of risks and likely treatments in the event of complications.In a l egal context, the issue is whether or not the key stakeholders acted professionally and morally, and more importantly, in the course of their duty, whether they neglected or failed to provide a reasonable care of duty to the patient.Summary and DiscussionMy view now-I was not asked or debriefed at the time, nor did I reflect critically then-is that the circumstances and outcomes dictate that the team and members hence acted less than professionally, and their judgements and actions were not finely balanced, leaving them in a an unethical and morally compromised position. The patient was owed a duty of care, which was not provided by all involved at the critical moments after delivery. So although all parties worked from a position of beneficence, obliging to do good for all patients at the time, there is a deontological ill luck in justifying their actions.On this occasion, hospital policy was not adhered to, and there was reasonable cause for this. The outcome reinforces the view that the consequences do not match the means. But this has to be balanced with the contending demands on the team. The midwives, in leaving the doctor to attend to the patient, expected to be called if needed. They were professionally and morally obliged to give reasonable care to the other patients. It would be difficult to squarely blame them for an act of omission that caused/worsened harm for the patient.This is not to ascribe blame squarely at the resident doctor. There are factors at play that would have influenced their action-in keeping with training-while endeavouring to contain and manage the situation. Maybe, for example, there was consideration of the human resource constraints and not wanting to burden lad colleagues. Maybe the doctor was confident in knowing what was required in the circumstance. However, the quickly deteriorating situation was soon beyond the doctor, and there was no recognition or acceptance of the need for additional help. Surely, if the final ou tcome was positive, the consequences would have justified the means. However, in this case, the means and end were weak links.The circumstances and situation in the ward on that day were unfavourable to the team too many needs, and too few hands. The staffs were in a compromising position by having to deal with too many situations. This should never be the case if we are to deliver a reasonable duty of care in circumstances where humans can never fully assure medical outcomes in certain emergencies.In this incident, on this day, a number of factors compounded a bad situation and led to fatal outcome-which never had to be the case. The midwife made a decision to leave the doctor to suture the lacerated patient the doctor attempted to do the communication channel without recognising or seeking help. My actions quickened the intervention of the consultant, who ameliorated the situation, but to no avail.Conclusion and ReflectionHaving participated in this course, I can now reflect crit ically on this incident and confirm the ways in which a variety of professional, legal, ethical and administrative policy must work together in order to deliver sensible quality healthcare. This is especially important in high stress environments where critical decisions must be quickly made-with the potential for unforeseen results.As professionals we must hit to be calm when things take a turn for the worse. This is not a reason to abandon or lose the ability to think critically, and stay honest to our ethical, moral and professional duty while meeting the expectations of our employers. Indeed, we will at times find ourselves in situations that test this resolve, and require us to make rapid decisions and attempt to innovate to meet circumstances. This latitude is welcomed, but must be used with caution to ensure that the final outcomes can hold up to the examination of our peers.Finally, it is critical to reflect and analyse our actions and experiences in order to evaluate wh at works, what does not work, the reasons for these, and the ways to manage future events should they recur. This is useful whether or not one is reprimanded or at the end of litigation case (institution). It is from these collective experiences and learning that we can improve policy, and enhance the profession.

An Annotation of Wallace Stevens Of Modern Poetry Essay -- Wallace St

An Annotation of Wallace Stevens Of Modern PoetryIn Of Modern Poetry, Stevens describes the purpose of redbrick meter given what the audience knows and values. Modern poetry essential be different from traditional poetry, because volume of his time perceive themselves and their world differently than the people of earlier times. Stevens suggests that war, like other changes, have affected what people believe. Poetry must reflect to its audience what they want to hear. It must show them that the order, meaning and value they need is real, in so much as their minds two need it and can create it.OF MODERN POETRYThe poem of the mind in the act of findingWhat will suffice. It has not always hadTo find the picture was set it repeated whatWas in the script.Then the theatre was changedTo something else. Its past was a souvenir.It has to be living, to learn the speech of the place.It has to face the men of the time and to meetThe women of the time. It has to think back about warAnd it has to find what will suffice. It hasTo construct a new stage. It has to be on that stageAnd, like an insatiable actor, slowly andWith meditation, speak run-in that in the ear,In the delicatest ear of the mind, repeat,Exactly, that which it wants to hear, at the soundOf which, an invisible audience listens,Not to the play, but to itself, expressedIn an emotion as of two people, as of twoEmotions becoming one. The actor isA metaphysician in the dark, twangingAn instrument, twanging a wiry string that givesSounds passing through sudden rightnesses, whollyContaining the mind, below which it cannot descend,Beyond which it has no will to rise.It mustBe the finding of a satisfaction, and mayBe of a man s... ...resent in his poem all specific examples. Therefore, it is interesting to denounce that he finds women as representative of humanity as men. Again, this reflects the beliefs of people of his time -- social roles of men and women and social propriety of the past were not held by moderne people. Poets must recognize this change and reflect the sensibilities of their audiences.The audience of modern poetry should be the mind, the contents of modern poetry should be from the mind, and the source of modern poetry is the mind of the poet. Humans can act on their ability to create a new conceptual and cultural play derived from values and truths of their minds. Writing modern poetry, likewise is poets acting on their ability to create from the mind and respond to people who have learned to look to themselves for order and meaning. Thus, the poem is of the act of the mind.

Behavioral Modeling Essay -- Ethics

Mental and healthcare providers need special awareness of professional boundary crossings and violations. There is a tendency towards further those individuals to behave more empathically and less formally with their patients and thickenings makes such awareness increasingly important. Professional boundary ethics have been incorporated into the professional codes of many psychical and healthcare providers all over the country, but it is important to have continuing education throughout the year (Al Sayyari, Hejaili, Jamal, Shamsi & Tamim, 2010).Mental and Healthcare providers must have change training to strike the right balance between rigidity and formality on one hand and undue laxity and informality in their nest on the other. This is the result in crossing boundaries and improper practice, with resulting harm to patients and thickenings. There is an important distinction than includes awareness of the distinction between boundary crossing and the boundary violations (Al Sayyari, Hejaili, Jamal, Shamsi & Tamim, 2010).Examples of boundary crossings would include paying the clients or patients bus fare or a bill giving him or her a hug when a client or patient is distressed, and so on. termination violations, on the other hand, involve crossings that have the potential to prove harmful and exploitive to the client or patient. Boundary violations can involve a myriad of behaviors. Examples of these include- sexual abuse and harassment, sexual relationships, abuse of time or place of work, taking financial advantage of the client or patient, demanding gifts, coercing patients, misuse of fiduciary relationship, and improper with pharmaceutical companies (Al Sayyari, Hejaili, Jamal, Shamsi & Tamim, 2010).The worst type of ... ...para. 12). Last is called program climate, which includes an atmosphere conducive to learining, and competent informed, and ethical teachers (Vaquez, 1988). Works CitedAamodt, M, (2010). industrial/Organizational Psychology (6th Edition). Belmont, CA. Cengage Learning.Browne, N.M., Giametro-Meyer, A. & Williamson, C. (2004). Practical Business Ethics for the Busy Manager. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Prentice HallBryant, S.E. & Fox, S.K. Behavioral Modeling readying and Generalization Interaction of Learning Point Type and Number of Modeling Scenarios. The Psychological Record, Vol. 45, 1995. Hultman, K. E. (1986). Behavior Modeling for Results. rearing & Development Journal, 40(12), 60. Mayer, S. J., & Russell, J. S. (1987). Behavior Modeling Training in Organizations Concerns and Conclusions. Journal of Management, 13(1), 21.